Sutherland s Theory Of Differential Association A Case...

Sutherland’s Theory of Differential Association: A Case Study Introduction: Sociology says that a person gain its traits from the social strata in which he or she is living in, these might be the good ones or the bad ones. Social upbringing is very important in a person’s life. Crimes breach into the society when there is a loop hole is present in the society. Loop holes are like corruption, injustice, recession and lack of opportunities. Number of the social process theories describe Criminal behavior as it is learned through communication process and it always have the reasons behind. These can be of between family members, friends, or people with in the vicinity. Crime if we take it in general, the most sophisticated ones are the most devastated ones, so what to say of the third world countries. In the present circumstances when we see the issues like terrorism, robbery and etc are destroying the social fiber of the society and instead of producing peace and harmony, delinquency is spreading all over specially in the youth. Have you ever asked yo urself for what reason certain people gotten to be hoodlums? Differential association theory is a theory in criminology which intends to answer this inquiry. This theory was produced by Edwin H. Sutherland, who was a humanist and a teacher. He made the theory to clarify the reasons why individuals carry out wrongdoing. The theory is based upon the thought that hoodlums perpetrate wrongdoings based upon their association withShow MoreRelatedCriminology : The Scientific Study Of Crime As An Individual And Social Phenomenon835 Words   |  4 PagesCriminology is the scientific study of crime as an individual and social phenomenon. Criminological research areas include the incidence of crime as well as its causes and consequences. They also include social and governmental regulations and reactions to crime. Nation master.com (2013) highlights that â€Å"in criminology the positivist school has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of crimina l behaviour†. The Positivist School of thought presumes thatRead MoreRobert Merton s Strain Theory1299 Words   |  6 PagesI have selected Robert Merton’s Strain theory and Edwin Sutherlands Differential Association theory and their approach to the study of crime for my essay. Robert Merton developed the theory that people engage in deviant behaviour when they can’t achieve socially approved goals by legitimate means. Deviance is a result of the strain an individual feels when they cannot achieve legitimately. Merton uses â€Å"The American Dream† to illustrate strain theory. Merton’s explanation is in two pieces; StructuralRead MoreAnalysis of Animal Kindom an Australian Movie1240 Words   |  5 PagesAnimal kingdom (2010) is an Australian movie about a seventeen-year-old boy named Josh Cody who is immersed in a world of crime during the mid-1980’s. Due to the death of his mother Josh is left with no other option then to move in with his criminal relatives. Josh’s grandmother Janine (also referred to as ‘Smurf’) welcomes Josh to live with her and her three beloved sons, Andrew (Pope), Craig and Darren. Craig is a mid level drug dealer whilst Pope and his best friend Barry Brown (Baz) are armedRead More Differential Association Essay3062 Words   |  13 Pages Sutherland’s Differential Association nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Born August 13, 1883 in Gibbon, Nebraska, Edwin H. Sutherland grew up and studied in Ottawa, Kansas, and Grand Island, Nebraska. After receiving his B.A degree from Grand Island College in 1904, he taught Latin, Greek, History, and shorthand for two years at Sioux Falls College in South Dakota. In 1906 he left Sioux Falls College and entered graduate school at the University of Chicago from which he received his doctorate. (GaylordRead MoreThe Theory, Differential Association Theory And Effectiveness Of Boys Girls Club Of America3148 Words   |  13 PagesThis paper examines the concepts of criminological theory, the history of criminological theory, differential association theory, and the effectiveness of Boys Girls Club of America. The basis of criminological theory is to provide an explanation for what causes crime and criminal behavior. The differential association theory was a leading sociological crime theory that was created by Edwin H. Sutherlan d. This theory argues that delinquent behavior is learned through interactions and communicationRead MoreJohn Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure, Discuss the Theories Developed by Merton and Sutherland and Compare and Contrast Regarding Which Would Describe Gottis Criminal Development4321 Words   |  18 PagesDifferential Association Theory Differential association theory was Sutherland s major sociological contribution to criminology; similar in importance to strain theory and social control theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the individual s social relationships. Sutherland s theory departs from the pathological perspective and biological perspective by attributing the cause of crime to the social context of individuals. He rejected biological determinism and the extremeRead MoreThe Relationship between Delinquency and Drug Use2005 Words   |  9 Pagespositive correlation, especially when there was gang membership involved. The theory I have chosen to tie in with my review of the articles I found is the social learning theory of Edwin Sutherland known as differential association theory. According to Britannica online, Sutherland s differential association theory of delinquent behavior is learned from other persons who are also engaged in delinquent behaviors. Sutherland believes that a person becomes delinquent because of an access amount of exposureRead More The Analytical Contrast of Corporate Deviance in Differential Association and Strain Theory2324 Words   |  10 PagesThe applications of these theories encompass contributing social environments that are synonymous with the work ethics being fostered in corporate deviant behaviourisms. One ideology in particular, the â€Å"American Dream† is attacked as a promoter of this through its means of success being defined in culture as monetary gain and social status as the way of life (Schoepfer, 2006, p. 4-9). This mentality is adapted to the corporate world as a dominant coalition amongst business practices is developedRead MoreWhite Collar Crime Coined By Edwin Sutherland2133 Words   |  9 PagesStreet. As a result, crime and criminal behaviour can be explained using a broad set of theories presented by scholars with the focus ranging from the individual offender to the offender’s environment and external influences. White-collar crime coined by Edwin Sutherland, for example, is a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation (Tatham, 2016). The case of Stratton Oakmont in the 1990s is an example highlighting the complexity of white-collarRead MoreThe Social Learning Theory Of Delinquent Behavior Essay1853 Words   |  8 Pagespositive correlation, especially when there was gang membership involved. The theory I have chosen to tie in with my review of the articles I found is the social learning theory of Edwin Sutherland known as differential association theory. According to Britannica online, Sutherland’s differential association theory of delinquent behavior is learned from other persons who are also engaged in delinquent behaviors. Sutherland believes that a person becomes delinquent because of an access amount of exposure

Presidential Outline of Andrew Jackson - 2515 Words

Presidential Outline #10 – John Tyler I. John Tyler (1790-1862) II. John Tyler (Whig) Only Term (1841-1845) III. Education and Occupation A. President Van Buren didn’t receive much education as a child. His parents were Dutch and spoke fluent Dutch. His father, Abraham, owned a tavern. In the tavern, Van Buren spent much of his childhood observing, studying, and listening to the political arguments there, giving him some experience. His formal education ended at the age of 14. B. At the stunning age of 13, President Jackson entered the army in the American Revolution. This ended his childhood and unfortunately wiped out his whole family. He became very skilled as a solder in†¦show more content†¦The battle lasted only twenty minutes. It was short, yet memorable. The Texans majorly defeated the Mexicans in this battle, with only 9 Texans dying total. R. Arkansas enters the Union (1836) – Arkansas entered the Union as a slave state in June of 1836. It was the twenty-fifth state to enter the Union. The purpose of this state being added was to equal the bala nce of power between free states and slaves state. S. Michigan enters the Union (1836) – On the same day as Arkansas, Michigan entered the Union as well. Unlike Arkansas, Michigan entered the Union as a free state instead of a salve state. Michigan was the twenty-sixth state. T. Charles River Bridge v. Warren River Bridge (1837) - VII. Major Social Movements or Events U. Webster-Haynes Debate (1830) – This was a famous debate in the United States between the Senator Daniel Webster and the Senator Robert Y. Haynes. The general topic of their powerful debate was the topic of protectionist tariffs. Webster’s second attack directed to Haynes was the most powerful, and was even paraphrased by future president Lincoln in his Gettysburg address. V. Nat Turner Rebellion (1831) – This was a major slave rebellion that took place in Southern Virginia. The rebellion was led by Nat Turner, and he led many rebel slaves who murdered over 50 white men. The rebellion only lasted a few days, but it had a huge impact onShow MoreRelatedFather And Son Historians, Arthur M. Schlesinger Essay1260 Words   |  6 Pages179). The official ranking lists Andrew Jackson as the fifth best president overall, which landed him a comfortable spot in the â€Å"Near Great† category. Andrew Jackson’s presidency belongs in a much lower cat egory due to his immoral character, unilateral decision-making, and his unimpressive presidency relative to that of other presidents. Before expanding on the specifics of why Andrew Jackson does not belong in the â€Å"Near Great† category, the criteria that Andrew Jackson along with other presidents willRead MoreThe President Of The United States1037 Words   |  5 Pagesnational power. 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It refers to the division and sharing of powers in a double executive which is composed of two people from two distinctRead MoreThe During The Market Revolution Era Of 1815 And 18401999 Words   |  8 Pagesremind the peoples of America of the consequences that may arise from such. International slave trade became illegal but slavery issues would only later arise in drastic effects. In John Quincy Adam’s Inaugural Address to the nation, he conveys the outline of his duties as president, â€Å"The roads and aqueducts of Rome have been the admiration of all after ages, and have survived thousands of years after all her conquests have been swallowed up in despotism or become the spoil of barbarians.† The comparisonRead MoreThe Similarities And Differences Between The Monetary And Banking Systems2125 Words   |  9 Pagessystem that is more responsive to the fluctuating financial needs of the country. The Federal Reserve Board issues new currency called Federal Reserve notes. 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The Black Cat, By Edgar Allan Poe - 1240 Words

In Studies in Classic American Literature, D.H. Lawrence condemns Americans for dodging their true selves by means of intellectualization and idealization. Both Edgar Allan Poe’s short story â€Å"The Black Cat† and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† feature allegorical representations of characters deceiving themselves in order to deny the darker aspects of their inner selves. In Poe’s â€Å"The Black Cat,† the narrator denies the darker aspects of his soul by abstracting his horrific actions with spectral evidence in order to externalize the psychological effects of his guilt. In his allegorical tale â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Hawthorne criticizes the Puritan doctrine of grace in his depiction of the self-deception Lawrence condemns; both†¦show more content†¦Moreover, Lawrence expounds the ways in which Americans deceive themselves and sin against â€Å"the Holy Ghost within† (Lawrence 79), through int ellectualizing and idealizing abstractions of their own experiences. Unlike the Americans who rebel against it, Lawrence encourages listening to the â€Å"Holy Ghost [within] each isolate individual† (Lawrence 85), which prevents one from abstracting new experiences. Furthermore, Lawrence suggests this guiding inner spirit urges, â€Å"not to be too egoistic and willful in [one’s] conscious self† (Lawrence 79). Both Hawthorne’s goodman Brown and Poe’s narrator of â€Å"The Black Cat† justify their actions and experiences with the same egotism and self-conceit Lawrence condemns. In â€Å"Young Goodman Brown,† Brown’s curiosity about evil leads him to meet with the devil in hopes he may know and understand the darker aspects of human nature. Like Poe, Hawthorne utilizes allegory in his representation of young Brown’s pursuit of knowledge for what lies beyond his material world. Throughout the allegorical tale, Hawthorne reveals Brown’s self-denial in his externalization of evil in the form of the devil. With an almost comical lack of awareness, Brown begins his errand believing his â€Å"excellent resolve for the future- [his plan to â€Å"cling to [Faith’s] skirts and follow her to Heaven]- justifies his present evil purpose† (Hawthorne 387). Even upon being confronted with the darker aspects of his family history, Brown maintains

Government Intervention in Natural Monopoly -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theGovernment Intervention in Natural Monopoly for Demand. Answer: Introduction Out of the various market structures operating in the modern world, monopoly market earns utmost importance as it lays greater impact on the market price and quantity being supplied with having much power in driving the forces of demand and supply (Hancock, 2012). A monopolist is the single seller taking care of the entire supply in the specific market he is operating in and he has the exploitative power to restrict or change the quantity of supply in order to charge high price and capture much higher profit than normal economic profit. Natural monopoly is certain kind of monopoly that have only difference from the core monopoly market that is in terms of underlying fixed cost into the production or business process (Weisman, Sanders Moundigbaye, 2012). Natural monopoly operates mostly in public utility sectors that serves larger share of population and this evokes the concern of government in order to ascertain whether the social welfare motives are maintained or not (Hilmer, 2017) . This essay sheds light on the nature of the natural monopoly market with highlighting the factors that have implication on mass welfare (Hilmer, 2017). Further based on that, the importance of government intervention have been discussed along with the probable mechanism in terms of policies adopted by them in order to ensure the availability of goods and services and its accessibility by mass at optimal price without supply side issues arising in the market that may disrupt the economic stability (Hancock, 2012). Analysis: What is Natural Monopoly In specific business if the production operation and decisions are ruled by one sole producer then it is called monopoly production (Stiglitz Rosengard, 2015). Natural monopoly implies to the monopoly operation evolving naturally empowering the producer to not only operate solely but also drive out every possible other producers by charging much lower price for the goods than one can do under monopoly situation (Crozet, Nash Preston, 2012). Natural monopoly is existent mostly in market that provides service related to public utility sectors like construction of roads, extraction and supply of natural resources like natural gas, coal, iron ore and crude oil. These kind of operations require different or unique raw materials, technological support or other factors comparatively costlier requiring huge investment cost and production cost as well. Government allows existence of this kind of monopolies simply because of the resultant economic profitability as well as social benefits der ived by entire population. Natural monopoly does not necessarily means only one producer in the market. There can be other producers of the same goods and services as well but the driving factor that keeps natural monopolist one step ahead is the ability it has to incur higher fixed cost that many of his competitors cant and as a result the producer turns out to become sole supplier creating scope of being a natural monopolist. Natural Monopoly The ability of natural monopolist to charge such low price emanates from larger amount of consumers taking the service from him (Shephard, 2012). As the number of buyers or consumers rise the average total cost in form of high investments made to the business leading to operation fixed cost the production keeps falling. The greater start up cost inflicted in the process hinders the other entrants to the market that drives the monopolist toward natural monopoly (Katsoulacos, Genakos Houpis, 2015). A natural monopolist is the sole producer and supplier operating at large scale in specific market enjoying economies of scale which allows him to charge lower prices which is socially optimal and less than any regular monopolist (Baumol Blinder, 2015). Fig-1: Monopoly Market A regular monopolist produces the amount (QM) where marginal cost equals marginal revenue and charges PM which is pretty high and also the source of higher economic profit and higher producer surplus (Rader, 2014). The reason behind high price charged is the higher average total cost faced by the monopolist (Crozet, Nash Preston, 2012). Natural monopolist differs from this point as it produces the amount where marginal cost equalizes marginal benefit ensuring social optimality as reflected in the price (PSO) and quantity (QSO). Fig 2: Natural Monopoly Market From Fig2, its evident that price in natural monopoly market is much lower and incurs economic loss compared to the monopoly market (Minamihashi, 2012). Price is low due to the fact that natural monopolist produces at the point where ATC is lower and falling continuously which encourages higher production and ability to charge much lower price (Yan, Z. O. U. Chao, 2012). The monopoly market is driven by profit maximization motive and such economic loss is disincentive for the producer who already has captured larger market share (Baldwin, Cave Lodge, 2012). In reality, producer and supplier of natural resources like water, electricity natural gas happen to be natural monopolist encountering large production and market supply and catering service to huge consumer base that allows them to enjoy economies of scale (Hilmer, 2017). Why Government Needs To Intervene It is quite evident that natural monopolist becoming ultimate supplier of goods and services captures much market share and also earns popularity by providing services at low cost. This further confers them much power in order to distort the decision regarding supply to manipulate demand and price in his favor (Walras, 2013). For example if the natural monopolist who provides electricity in the market decides to charge higher price per unit of electricity by contracting energy supply then it would disrupt the market stability and affect equilibrium in the market leading to severe economic issues arising chain wise (Bolton Foxon, 2013). To prevent the natural monopolist from exercising the ultimate power he achieves in the market in form of charging higher market price or restricting supply, government comes to the scene to supervise as well as provide assistance to ensure social benefit and welfare (Shephard, 2012). To exploit the benefit of any economic activity on broader term soc ial benefit should be in parity with social cost. Sustenance of this additively ensure the social welfare which is necessary component for an economy to run at its operative efficiency as well as promoting equitable growth. For this per unit of production socially derived marginal benefit has to be equal with incurred marginal cost socially to stop the proceeding toward disequilibrium and market failure by creating externalities. As embodiment of social security provider, government should intervene in the planning and operation execution of the natural monopolist. Government Intervention Policies The most important form of policies that are undertaken by government can be implementing price controls. It consists of imposition of price floor and price ceilings that are so mechanized to deter the supplier from charging the market equilibrium price if found to be too low or high respectively (Hall Lieberman, 2012). When government finds the equilibrium market price to be too high from the general affordability and welfare point of view then it adopts the policies and implement laws that restricts the market price to reach up to its equilibrium level . In such cases, at the ceiling price, much of the buyers remain deprived of the services and excess demand exists (Fuss McFadden, 2014). Again when market price found to be to low hurting the producers being unable to cover the cost of production in the price obtained, then it imposes price floor allowing price not to fall below that. This situation induces more production but due to higher price than the equilibrium one, less con sumers now opt for the goods and services and as a result excess supply exists in the market (Hall Lieberman, 2012). In this case, if government imposes a price ceiling at PSO which is socially optimal, then the monopolist loses economic profit by the highlighted area (in fig2) which hinders his profit maximizing motive and demoralizes him. This can be counteracted by providing subsidy to the monopolist (Rader, 2014). The monopolist would prefer production at most to the point (QM) where marginal revenue is zero and wont like to produce beyond that. To make him operate at QSO, the marginal cost should have to be shifted down to MC1 so as the ATC. This negative cost acts like revenue to the monopolist firm and provided in form of subsidy by government (Nowotny, Smith Trebing, 2012). Real World Example Crude oil is one of the important natural resource having utmost national as well as international importance. The extraction of the resource, refining and supply in form of petroleum, diesel and other auxiliary products coming out of it create a huge production process (Fandel, 2012). This definitely requires lot of financial investment due to higher fixed cost required initially for the proceedings of the end supply (Shephard, 2012).. Now suppose an organization A is existent market producer in the crude oil market and have ability to incur the higher start up cost. As a result it would continue the production process and create large supply chain capturing huge market share as oil is the pivotal element used as fuel and industrial inputs in any nation (Joskow Wolfram, 2012). The company A gains much of market share and that is the reason it can provide oil at comparatively low cost than any small organization lacking this benefit can provide (Roach, 2013). Now suppose due to shor tage in the supply of the resources, if the producer is unable to maintain existing supply in the market then this would result in higher price in presence of higher demand (Hilmer, 2017). The price hike would have detrimental effect on the stock exchange market and create a chain wise dismal in the economic activities and market outcome. Intervention of government in form of imposing a price ceiling can save the national economy (Becker, 2013). The government has to provide subsidy simultaneously to the company so that they can continue charging low price even amidst presence of resource crisis. This way the policy mix of the government can let the economic activity be continued without any hindrance. Conclusion The importance of natural monopoly is huge since it provides good and services to huge population generating a need of supervision in order to check whether mass satisfaction is managed efficiently or not. The public goods like, roads, bridges, mobile networks, rail services and natural resources like oil, electricity these form the public utility sectors and any big suppliers existent in the market of any of these can turn out to be a natural monopolist if it has the ability to bear the higher fixed cost compared to other producers. This gives them the benefit of operating alone in the market driving out other producers who are simply unable to provide the services at low price emanating from the higher fixed cost of the business engaged that keeps falling in presence of high volume of consumers. The monopolist can distort the supply anytime if he decides to earn higher price and profits respectively that would hurt the economic stability. To ensure such situations never arise, gove rnment keeps close monitoring in their market operation. The natural monopolist can continue the volume of production that equalizes marginal social benefit with marginal social cost and charge lower price only if government keeps close watch on the firms policies, activities and imposes policy mix of price control that is taken care of by providing subsidy to ascertain the general well being. Reference Baldwin, R., Cave, M., Lodge, M. (2012).Understanding regulation: theory, strategy, and practice. Oxford University Press on Demand. Baumol, W. J., Blinder, A. S. (2015).Microeconomics: Principles and policy. Cengage Learning. Becker, G. S. (2013).The economic approach to human behavior. University of Chicago press. Bolton, R., Foxon, T. J. (2013). Urban infrastructure dynamics: market regulation and the shaping of district energy in UK cities.Environment and Planning A,45(9), 2194-2211. Crozet, Y., Nash, C., Preston, J. (2012). Beyond the quiet life of a natural monopoly: Regulatory challenges ahead for Europes rail sector.CERRE, Brussels. Fandel, G. (2012).Theory of production and cost. Springer Science Business Media. Fuss, M., McFadden, D. (Eds.). (2014).Production Economics: A Dual Approach to Theory and Applications: Applications of the Theory of Production(Vol. 2). Elsevier. Hall, R. E., Lieberman, M. (2012).Microeconomics: Principles and applications. Cengage Learning. Hancock, D. (2012).A theory of production for the financial firm(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Hilmer, T. C. (2017). ECON 102 Principles of Microeconomics Blended Learning course. Joskow, P. L., Wolfram, C. D. (2012). Dynamic pricing of electricity.The American Economic Review,102(3), 381-385. Katsoulacos, Y., Genakos, C., Houpis, G. (2015). Product market regulation and competitiveness: towards a national competition and competitiveness policy for Greece.Athens University of Economics, Athens. Minamihashi, N. (2012). Natural monopoly and distorted competition: evidence from unbundling fiber-optic networks. Nowotny, K., Smith, D. B., Trebing, H. M. (Eds.). (2012).Public utility regulation: the economic and social control of industry(Vol. 17). Springer Science Business Media. Rader, T. (2014).Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press. Roach, T. (2013). Principles of Microeconomics. Shephard, R. W. (2012).Cost and production functions(Vol. 194). Springer Science Business Media. Stiglitz, J. E., Rosengard, J. K. (2015).Economics of the Public Sector: Fourth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Walras, L. (2013).Elements of pure economics. Routledge. Weisman, D. L., Sanders, S. D., Moundigbaye, M. (2012). An Instructional Exercise in Price Controls: Product Quality, Misallocation, and Public Policy. Yan, Z. O. U., Chao, L. I. U. (2012). The Influence of Monopoly on Market Price and Social Equity.The Theory and Practice of Finance and Economics,6, 2-6.